Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) represent some of the most formidable and complex volcanic phenomena, characterised by a turbulent mixture of solid particles and gases that surge down slopes at ...
Semeru volcano — the tallest volcano on Java at 3,676 meters — erupted on the afternoon of November 19, 2025, with pyroclastic flows racing at high speed more than 8.5 kilometers down its slopes, as ...