Pupil dilation provides a physiological readout of information gain during the brain's internal process of belief updating in the context of associative learning.

These open-source MMM tools solve different measurement problems, from budget optimization to forecasting and preprocessing.

(1) Feeding rate and meal size of Leach's storm-petrel at Kent Island, New Brunswick, were studied by analysing mass increments of the chicks. (2) Meal size, estimated by mass increments over short ...

Stochastic volatility is the unpredictable nature of asset price volatility over time. It's a flexible alternative to the Black Scholes' constant volatility assumption.