Oct 19, 2015 · The Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Chart uses a LogMAR design. The ETDRS chart is the chart used most often in clinical research. It can be rear or front …

General Refraction Techniques Prior to starting your refraction, baseline visual acuities (OD, OS and OU) must be determined. For individuals with near vision complaints, and all presbyopes, near acuity …

Jan 22, 2022 · OCULAR EXAMINATION Visual Acuity with correction (ETDRS chart): Right eye (OD): 20/50 -1, improved to 20/25-2 with refraction (-5.00 +0.50 x 80) Left eye (OS): 20/32 -2, improved to …

IRMA is one of the defining features of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy based on the "4-2-1" criteria from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) [1].

Oct 10, 2010 · Classification Diabetic retinopathy falls into two main classes: nonproliferative and proliferative. The word "proliferative" refers to whether or not there is neovascularization (abnormal …

Jan 22, 2022 · History of Present Illness A 10-year-old boy presented to establish care due to a strong family history of retinal detachment (eight individuals across three generations). At the age of three, …

Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (or IrMAs) are shunt vessels and appear as abnormal branching or dilation of existing blood vessels (capillaries) within the retina that act to supply areas of non …

Aug 21, 2025 · Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed using a standard ETDRS chart and trial lenses. Axial length was measured with a Zeiss IOLMaster 700 to determine the scale of the …

Visual acuity (using the ETDRS chart), reading speed, contrast sensitivity, visual field test (program 10-2, HFA II) and fluoroangiographic examination were assessed. Results: Thirty eyes of 27 patients …

All patients underwent an extensive examination including refraction measurement, VA testing using the ETDRS chart, fundus photography, analyzed using a grading scale, OCT measurement of the …